Guru Arjan Dev: The Fifth Sikh Guru (15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606)
Guru Arjan Dev: The Fifth Sikh Guru (15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606)
Historical Background
The era of Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606) coincided with the height of the Mughal Empire in India. Emperor Akbar’s rule was relatively tolerant, but his successor Jahangir adopted policies of religious intolerance. During this period, Sikhism was emerging as an organized faith centered on social justice, equality, and devotion.
Family and Spiritual Background
Guru Arjan Dev was born on 15 April 1563 in Goindwal (Punjab). He was the youngest son of Guru Ram Das and Mata Bhani. Mata Bhani was the daughter of Guru Amar Das, thus linking Guru Arjan Dev to a strong lineage of spiritual guidance and organizational wisdom. From an early age, he immersed himself in meditation, service, devotional singing (kirtan), and humility.
He had two elder brothers – Prithi Chand and Mahadev. Prithi Chand, driven by ambition to succeed as Guru, opposed Guru Arjan. However, Arjan Dev bore the tensions with calmness and through his devotion and service, was chosen as the Fifth Guru.
Spiritual Philosophy and Teachings
Guru Arjan Dev's teachings were a beautiful blend of Nirguna Bhakti (devotion to the formless Divine). He redefined Sikhism not just as a religion but as a path of social and ethical revival.
Core beliefs:
- There is one God, pervading all beings.
- All human beings are equal – regardless of caste, religion, or status.
- Service, devotion, and truth are the goals of human life.
His hymns express deep compassion, surrender, tolerance, and love. In compositions like Sukhmani Sahib, he emphasized that the true peace of the soul lies in the remembrance of the Divine Name (Naam).
Compilation of the Adi Granth: A Revolutionary Step
Guru Arjan Dev’s most significant achievement was the compilation of the Adi Granth, the sacred scripture of Sikhism — a milestone not just for Sikhism but for Indian religious literature as a whole.
Features of the Adi Granth:
- It included hymns of the first four Gurus — Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, and Guru Ram Das.
- Guru Arjan added his own compositions, rich in emotion, philosophy, and poetic beauty.
- He also incorporated the verses of saints like Kabir, Namdev, Ravidas, and others from the Bhakti movement — regardless of their caste or creed.
- The scripture was written in Gurmukhi script, making it accessible to the masses.
In 1604, the Adi Granth was completed and ceremonially installed in the Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.
Harmandir Sahib: A Symbol of Universality
Guru Arjan Dev envisioned the Harmandir Sahib (now Golden Temple) not merely as a place of worship, but as a symbol of unity and universal brotherhood.
- He built it in the middle of a lake — symbolizing life and tranquility.
- Doors were constructed on all four sides, inviting people from all walks of life.
- The temple was built below ground level to symbolize humility.
- It hosted continuous kirtan, community kitchen (langar), and selfless service.
Reforms and Social Impact
Guru Arjan Dev challenged many societal ills of his time:
- He opposed the caste system and ensured equal space in the Gurudwara for everyone.
- Strengthened the langar tradition where rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, all dined together.
- Promoted dignity and participation of women in religious and social life.
- Encouraged Sikhs in agriculture, crafts, and trade to build a self-reliant community.
Political Challenges and Martyrdom
Guru Arjan Dev’s growing influence and the rising unity of the Sikh community began to worry the Mughal authorities. When Jahangir ascended the throne, he ordered Guru Arjan Dev to convert to Islam — a demand he refused.
He was summoned to Lahore and subjected to brutal torture:
- He was made to sit on a burning hot iron plate.
- Boiling water was poured over him.
- Hot sand was thrown onto his body.
Yet Guru Arjan Dev remained unshaken. His last words were:
"Tera kiya meetha laage, har naam padarath Nanak maange."
"Your will is sweet to me, O Lord. Nanak seeks only the gift of Your Name."
On 30 May 1606, Guru Arjan Dev attained martyrdom — becoming the first Sikh Guru to sacrifice his life for his faith.
Impact of Martyrdom: A Turning Point in Sikhism
After Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom, Sikhism underwent a transformation from a purely devotional path to one of spiritual courage and resistance.
- His son, Guru Hargobind, introduced the concept of "Miri-Piri" — temporal and spiritual authority.
- Sikhs began preparing for self-defense and resisting tyranny.
This shift eventually shaped Sikhism into a tradition of saint-soldiers, which would be fully realized under the leadership of Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh.
Literary Legacy: The Voice of Divine Love
Guru Arjan Dev’s hymns are a blend of deep philosophy and poetic beauty:
Major Work:
- Sukhmani Sahib – “Jewel of Peace,” a profound composition offering spiritual bliss.
Themes:
- Divine love, forgiveness, tolerance, self-purification, and service.
Style:
- Simple yet profound, lyrical yet meditative — resonating with every seeker’s heart.
An Eternal Source of Inspiration
Guru Arjan Dev was not just a Guru — he was a symbol of vision, dedication, and sacrifice. He gave Sikhism its foundational scripture, spiritual depth, and universal appeal. His martyrdom lit the flame of courage that continues to inspire generations.
His life teaches us:
Truth is Divine, and sacrifice for Truth is the fulfillment of life.
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Dr.Santosh Anand Mishra
Village - Mishrauli
Post - Kansi - Simri
Darbhanga
Bihar
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Dr.Shweta Jha
Ex Research Scholar
Magadh University
Bodhgaya
Bihar
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